Commemorative Speech Essay

In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban we were introduced to Sirius Black, a character who would change the Harry Potter world, as all readers would know it. I would like to commemorate his memory; not only because he did pass in Harry Potter and the Order of the Pheonix, but also because he introduced us to the greater plot and foreshadowing that JK Rowling had in store for us, I am qualified to speak on this topic because I have read the Harry Potter series 14 times and listened to the audio books 8 times. Sirius is a fighter. Sirius spent 13 years in Azkaban, being held for a crime he didn’t commit, and never lost hope. Even though the whole wizarding world was against him and thought that he killed muggles, and Peter Petigrew, he fought to get out and protect his god son. Sirius is also a person who brought Harry information about his parents. Sirius was Lily and James’ best friend since the first day at Hogwarts, and grew up with them. Sirius exposed the truth that Wormtail betrayed his parents, and made the bold statement that â€Å"he would rather have died than betray his friends†. Sirius Black also turned into that person that Harry needed. Sirius was a father/older brother role model that Harry lacked and so desperately needed. Sirius was always there for Harry when he needed him. In the Goblet of Fire he gave him life saving advice when Harry had to face the 3 tasks. In the Order of the Pheonix Sirius calmed Harry about the uncertainties he had about his father, and came to his resuce at the Ministry of Magic. Everything about Sirius Black was crucial during the Harry Potter books. Sirius was one of the most influential and important character in the Harry Potter books, and that is why I chose to commemorate him.

Middle Managers

Managers are the most important human resource in any organisation because they are charged with the responsibility of ensuring that the organisational goals are achieved within the specific time through spending less financial resources. Both organisations and people need each other to further their different goals or objectives. Therefore if mutuality is missing, it makes no sense in trying to assemble a group and develop a cooperation because there is no common base on which to build. Therefore, for attainment of organisational effectiveness, human resource and especially the middle level managers is the most important asset that must be paid attention by the management.Management practices are employed by middle managers in order to enhance the effectiveness of any organization including learning institutions, and these management activities are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. The middle managers through the planning function is responsible in coming with a schedu le of business activities that will result to attainment of the set goals. The middle managers outline what to be done and the expected output from the employees.The organizing function of any organization has to deal with the issue of allocating the tasks to the employees respectively according to their competence. Resistance by the workers may be experienced if the allocating process used is viewed to be inappropriate and oppressing which always leads to poor organization performance. So middle managers have to convince the employees that everything will be okay and there interests will be taken care of.The leading/directing function of any organization is faced with the tasks of demonstrating to employees how to do various activities and also involves the employment of charismatic leaders in form of middle managers who can influence the employees towards positive attitude of performing their work and also capture the attention of the top management. The Controlling management pra ctice by the middle managers is responsible for monitoring the results of any undertakings and thus can make any corrections or adjustments if need to do so arise. (Maund, 2001)There are three levels of management in any organisation. The first level is the top level managers who include the senior managers and the executive officers and they are responsible for formation of organisational goals and objectives and they play an important role in decision making process. The second level is that of middle level managers who are responsible for ensuring that all the functional strategies from various departments are workable and can be achieved with certainty.This level of management is the most critical one in that both the lower and top management attracts attention regarding to various activities within the firm.   For example, the top management may exert pressure on them to achieve better results while the lower management may want them to reduce their level of supervision withi n the workplace. The third level is that of operational management or lower level managers who ensures that organisational activities are undertaken to achieve the set objectives or goals. . (Dale, 2001)How Middle Managers can meet their demandsAccording to the latest research, reports suggests that middle level managers have a discrete and decisive function in all organisations   particularly in the learning institutions and they do not only act as a medium between the top managers and the subordinates. Middle managers in many learning institutions in an effort to be effective and efficient in the workplace have the responsibility of balancing the ever competing demands of their roles brought about by conflicts from both the top management and the subordinates or the low level management. In order to attain the above objective this middle level managers have embarked on various critical roles in order to avoid any misunderstandings in the workplace and thus achieve the desired ou tput. Such roles include the following: (Fiddler, and Atton, 1999)Middle managers in learning institutions act as change agents within these organisations. Globalization has taken the centre stage almost in all sectors of the economy including learning institutions. There is increased interaction of people from different cultures, societies, and various backgrounds in undertaking various business activities with the aim of achieving their goals for example opening learning branches in other countries. Because of invention of advanced technology the world has increasingly become a village and as a result global business is the modern form of business in this 21st centuryBecause of globalization in relation to learning institutions there have been great disregard to national borders, governments have lower hand in controlling the flow of their economies and large companies including learning institutions are now not restricted to only one particular country as it was before. Middle le vel managers in learning institution have to cope with changes brought about by this aspect of globalization and they should brief the top management on decision making process. They also have the task of ensuring that the teachers in this institution are equipped with skills, expertise, and knowledge that can tap new knowledge from other people from different countries without hindering the learning process.Middle managers have the duty of being a strategist in order to cope with the increasing demands from both the top management and the low level management. This implies that they have the tasks of ensuring that the strategies formulated by the organisation are implemented and executed in a good way that will lead to achievement of goals. They should therefore have the ability to interpret direction from the top managers in to functional departmental strategies and policies that will avoid any conflicts in the organisation and those plans must be viable and supportive for the mis sion of the organisation. (Baker, 1999)In order to enhance this responsibility the middle level mangers must pay much attention  Ã‚   to formulation of workable strategies. A strategy may be defined as the calculated means by which the enterprise deploys its resources to accomplish its purpose and basic objectives under the most advantageous circumstances. Therefore the middle level mangers have the task of ensuring that the organisation   for example learning institution must be overall low cost effective system which will ensure good returns for example high performance through use of competent teachers and using of advanced technologies. So the work of middle managers is to ensure sourcing of competent teachers and application of approved high quality technologies e.g. the use of white boards.Middle level managers must also act at ethicists in any organisation in order to balance the competing demands brought about by the interactions with both top and low level managers. Thi s role implies that the middle managers especially those from learning institutions should develop a system that will help them sustain pressure from both top managers and subordinates in the process of promoting moral conduct within the organisation   that will foster good results. For example teachers will be motivated to lecture/teach and students too will be motivated to work hard and achieve their results.   The other role middle managers have to embark on is the responsibility of being a team player in the organisation or in the workplace. (Klagge, 1998)This implies that the middle managers must show commitment and support cooperation among the top management, low level management or the subordinates and themselves. For these middle managers to maximize the concept of teamwork in the organisation then they should emphasize on formation of groups within the workplace.A group can be defined as social unit which people interacts face to face when working. If an organisation e mphasises group work then it is more likely that good results will be achieved. Sometimes some kind of work require teamwork participation in order to achieve goals, so managers should encourage group decisions too because they bound to succeed unlike individual decisions. With the concept of teamwork for example the subordinates will be motivated when they work together with the subordinates e.g. head teachers working together with teachers in trying to achieve good learning process.The other role that will help balance the competing demands in an organisation is that of being the mentor of employees especially the subordinates.   Leading by example for example engaging in groups with the subordinates and demonstrating what the subordinates are supposed to do. Also to get admiration from both the employees and the top management they should act as top manager’s advocate to subordinates as well as being subordinate supporter to top level managers.Another useful role that wi ll balance the competing demands is that of middle managers embracing the concept of being tacticians. This means that middle managers have to understand the organisational environment e.g. internal and external factors that may cause conflicts within the organisation. The main aspect of being tactician is that of middle managers encouraging collective decision making thus parties involved in carrying out duties will be motivated to work because they were part of the decisions arrived. (Fiddler, and Atton, 1999)Advice to Middle ManagersFor these level of managers to be effective and efficient in the organisation   and more so to be able to balance the competing demands they need to be committed in their roles and especially being change agents in the learning institutions. Proper communication is essential to any organisation or group effectiveness and learning institutions are not exceptional. Research indicates that poor communication is probably the most frequently cited source of interpersonal conflicts. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that ideas and messages can be conveyed.Communication can play the following functions; controlling employee’s behaviour, motivating the workforce, provides a release for emotional expression of feelings and performs the role of facilitating decision making in organisation. Proper channels of communication should be put in place in learning institution and this will help the organisation to attain their set goals for example teachers reporting to their head teachers then the head teachers to senior managers then to the executive arm respectively if there have been a problem to be solved. (Edmondson, Bohmer and Pisano, 2001)Leadership is another concept that middle level managers should emphasize on. Without proper leadership, organisation’s effectiveness and efficiency cannot be achieved and bad leadership in an organisation may cause poor results and thus lack of attainment of objectives.   It should also be noted that not all managers are leaders and not all leaders are managers. Leaders can emerge from within a group as well as by formal appointments to lead a group. A good leadership style should be adopted in an organisation and especially in the learning institutions.This implies the way in which the functions of middle managers with particular regard to the concept of leadership are carried out. Styles like autocratic style of leadership should be discouraged as this does not give the opportunity subordinates in decision making and only top managers are responsible to do so. Learning institutions should prefer the use of democratic style of leadership whereby the focus of power is more with the group as a whole and not in the top managers and there is greater interaction in the group. The middle managers of learning institutions should practice laissez faire style of leadership in that the employees especially the subordinates are left to choo se groups for themselves and make their own decisions that will help them achieve the organisational goals. (Azzar, 2001)The middle managers’ impact on control mechanisms in any organization is great and immeasurable.   It is therefore important that managers look for convenient, cost-conscious and appreciated ways of control mechanisms in order to build a dynamic, committed and, a motivated workforce that will result in better productivity and profitability of the organization thus enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of the organizationConclusion:For middle level managers to meet the demands of top management as well as that of subordinates they should fully define their roles to avoid conflicts that may arise in the course of work. They should also use proper leadership and good communication skills in order to achieve the organisational effectiveness. Middle level managers has a greater need to understand organisational   behaviour in order to achieve the organisati onal   effectiveness and particularly in learning institutions and much attention should be directed to people, structure, technology and the environment.Organisational   effectiveness can only be achieved if the middle management is be able to incorporate good leadership, motivation, a well defined organisational   structure, forming group dynamics and setting up good structures for communicating in the workplace. The organisations should also be flexible in the sense that they should be ready to cope with change without affecting their productivity.References:Ardts, J. (2002): Developing people in line with corporate needs. Human Resource Management International.Azzar.J. (2001): The Heart of School Leadership-Educational LeadershipBaker, D. (1999): Strategic Human Resource Management-Performance, alignment, and management. Librarian Career Development.Bhindi, N. (2003): Practicing creative leadership- Pipedream or possibility? The Practicing AdministratorDale, M. (2001): Th e Art of HRD: Developing Management Skills  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   , Vol. 3, New DelhiCrest Publishing HouseEdmondson, A. Bohmer, R. and Pisano, G. (2001): Speeding up team learning. Harvard Business Review.Farson, R. and Keyes, R. (2002): The Failure-tolerant leader. The Innovative EnterpriseFiddler, B. and Atton, T. (1999): Dealing with poor performance and range of solutions in poor performing staff in schools and how to manage them. London and New York, RoutledgeKlagge, J. (1998): The Empowerment Squeeze-Views from the Middle Management Position. Journal of management development, 17(8)Maund, L. (2001): An Introduction to Human to Human Resource Management: Theoryand Practice: Macmillan, Palgrave

Essay about Arguement definition - 774 Words

Arguement definition Right Intentions Wrong Choice In an earlier story that was reported, one Samuel Mohammed burnt down a house in his West Palm Beach community. However, the question is not if Mohammed burnt the house down or not, because he admit to doing so. The question is did Mr. Mohammed commit a crime or not. Okay let me explain. The house was as abandoned building in his neighborhood and its use as a drug house was well known to the police and community. After making sure that, there was no one in the house, Mr. Mohammed torched it one night, stood about to watch the progress of the fire, and called the police and the fire department, which he admit to the police that he did in fact sets the house on fire. Mr.†¦show more content†¦His intentions were to burn down the drug house, and not to harm anyone. Then we have to see if Mr. Mohammed had justified reasons to burn the house. Mr. Mohammed burnt the house because he feels the house was a drain on the community; furthermore, he feels that it made the neighb orhood unsafe. Next, you need to know the definition of civil disobedience before we can discuss it. Civil disobedience means refusal to obey civil laws regarded as them unjust, by employing methods of passive resistance. Therefore, now you must prove the criminal charges of arson are unjust for this to be civil disobedience. While Mr. Mohammed did commit arson because he burnt down property that does not belong to him, he felted that his reasons were justified. The defendant felt this was the only way to rid his neighborhood of this problem. As stated in the beginning, the police knew of this house and did nothing about it. Although Mr. Mohammed knew he would be committing arson, he was left with no other choice. Furthermore, Mr. Mohammed admitted to setting the house on fire and calls the police and fire department, which lead one to believe that his intentions were not malicious. Finally, now that you know what arson and civil disobedience means and how Mr. Mohammed story stack up against both of them. You can finally answer the question, which is did Mr. Mohammed perform arson or was it civil disobedience. Well you now know to commit arson maliciousShow MoreRelatedManagers Can Be Developed, but Leaders Are Born, Not Made.1683 Words   |  7 PagesManagers can be developed, but leaders are born, not made. 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Title the Outsiders- by Se Hinton Why Gangs Portrayed in...

Gangs. This is what is portrayed in SE Hinton s novel, The Outsiders. Two different gangs from opposite ends of the social ladder clash in this epic novel of social tension between two rival groups, the Socs and the Greasers. The main character, 14-year-old Ponyboy, is a Greaser who lives under the cycle of poverty and endless pressure from the Socs. They are the upper class Westside crowd who are accepted in society. The Greasers, in contrast, struggle to put food on the table and are social outcasts. SE Hinton has mentioned about gangs several times in her novel. But what really defines a gang? According to some, it is, A group of young people who spend time together for social reasons. While others define gangs as, A group of people†¦show more content†¦Turfs, are the areas in which the gangs dwell. They can be marked, but are usually known by word of mouth, as in The Outsiders. When Ponyboy and Johnny came across the drunken Socs, Ponyboy commented how this was their gro und. The Socs also acknowledged that it indeed was. The fear, or more respect, factor also applies here. The residents within a certain gang s turf usually respect the gang, or fear them. An example was when the two gangs had a showdown, Steve commented that no one would dare call the cops, because there would be a manhunt from both sides. Though they didn t urinate to mark their territory, turf is essential for a gang. The rivalry between other gangs is made prominent at the beginning of the book when Ponyboy gets jumped by a group of Socs. The feud between the Greasers and the Socs is long lived, though they are merely divided by social classes. The Greasers get jumped by the Socs for their endless amusement. When Johnny puts a Soc out of his misery, the tension increased. There are many different reasons why the rivalry may occur. One is to obtain the territory. In the text, when the Socs came to pummel Ponyboy and Johnny, Pony questioned them about being on their terrain. Another one could be just to prove themselves, which could be another rivalry established. A Social named Randy asked Ponyboy about what the fighting would prove, and Ponyboy realized that nothing was really to be proved by all

Reflective Report on Group Work Essay - 2909 Words

Reflection on group work Project |Content |Page | |Content |2 | |Introduction |3 | |The Group |3 | |My role in the Group |4 |†¦show more content†¦At this stage emotion was shown and excitement expressed towards the work we had to do. A timetable for regular meetings was given to each individual of the group by the project director and at each meeting’s ‘minutes’ were taken by one member of the group in order to keep track of the work that had been done. Then comes the performing where the team knew each other and structure and guideline were clear and cohesive. The team now focused on a common goal of developing the ideas for the ‘Lush’ event. At the beginning of this stage, all members of the group were getting together regularly and were constructing and expanding ideas for the project as well as for the presentation. However, unfortunately the group did not stay this way for very long. Distraction and lack of interest emerge d bringing the whole group down to anxiety and disagreement. I as group leader was rather unsuccessful in putting the team together and in demanding more of a serious commitment from them. At this stage, the group should have been able to have delivered a successful project in the form of a presentation. Instead, all the hard work that had been done was diverted into a lack of interest and commitment resulting in a negative consequence. The final stage is the adjourning, where ‘Essence Events’ group disbanded. 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Organic Chemistry for Chemical and Physical Data - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganic Chemistry for Chemical and Physical Data. Answer: Introduction The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which a pure substance under normal pressure of 1 atmosphere changes from liquid phase to gaseous phase (Ophardt, 2003). The molecules of a liquid are packed closely and held together by inter-molecular forces of attraction. When a liquid is heated, the molecules acquire kinetic energy resulting to increased vibrations. As more energy is supplied, the vibrations become intense enough to overcome the intermolecular forces and the molecules break free becoming a gas (Ophardt, 2003). Gas molecules are not in contact with each other. The boiling points of organic compounds depend on the strength of the inter-molecular forces between the molecules. Stronger intermolecular forces require a lot of energy to overcome resulting to higher boiling points. Among the common inter-molecular forces include hydrogen bonds, dipole-dipole interactions and Van der Waals (London dispersion forces) (Reusch, 1999). The strongest intermolecular forces are Hydrogen bonds while the weakest are London dispersion forces (Clayden, 2012) The nature of inter-molecular forces of attraction between molecules is dependent on the polarity of the molecules (Ophardt, 2003). Highly polar molecules are held together by very strong intermolecular forces of attraction (Hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole interactions) leading to high boiling points while non-polar molecules have very weak intermolecular associations (London dispersion forces) leading to low boiling point. The degree of polarity of a molecule is determined by the nature of the functional group present (Ophardt, 2003). Comparison of the boiling points of given compounds .The boiling points of 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol, 2-pentanone and 1-hexanol together with their formulae and molar masses are as tabulated in table 1. Table1: formula, mass and boiling point of given organic compounds (Lide, 2005; ONeil, 2001; Haynes, 2014) Compound Molecular formula Structural formula Molar mass (g) Boiling point (0C) 1-pentanol C5H12O CH3(CH2)3CH2OH 88.15 138 2-pentanol C5H12O CH3(CH2)2CHOHCH3 88.15 119 2-pentanone C5H10O CH3(CH2)2COCH3 86.134 102 1-hexanol C6H14O CH3(CH2)4CH2OH 102.177 157 The boiling points of the four compounds increase in the order: 2-pentanone2-pentanol1-pentanol1-hexanol. 2-pentanone has the lowest boiling point while 1-hexanol has the highest boiling point. The differences in the boiling points arise due to differences in the molecular structures of the compounds (Brown, 2000) and the type of intermolecular forces existing between the molecules of each compound (Carrey, 2001). Boiling points of organic compounds increase with increase in molecular mass (Brown, 2000). For compounds with comparable molecular masses, the boiling points depend on the nature of the inter-molecular forces between the molecules. The molecular structures of the four compounds are as shown below. 2-pentanol 1-hexanol 1-pentanol, 2-pentanol and 1-hexanol are all alcohols. In alcohols, the oxygen atom is directly bonded to a hydrogen atom. Because O is highly electronegative, it attracts the electrons of the O-H bond, acquiring a partial negative charge and the H acquires a partial positive charged. The positive H attracts lone-electrons from O atom of neighboring molecules resulting to the formation of hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest intermolecular forces and this explains why alcohols have unusually high boiling points when compared to other organic compounds of comparable molecular size (Solomons, 2008). Among alcohols, the boiling point increase with increase in molecular weight. As the carbon chain increases, the van der Waals dispersion forces between the molecules become stronger due to additional electrons and these results to increased boiling point for longer chain alcohols (wade, 2014). 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol have same molecular mass (88.15 g) because they both have 5 carbon atoms. 1-hexanol on the other hand, has 6 carbon atoms and a higher molecular mass (102.177 g). The boiling point of 1-hexanol (157 0C) is higher than that of both 1-pentanol (138 0C) and 2-pentanol (119 0C) due to stronger van der Waals arising from the increased length of the carbon chain. For alcohols with the same molecular weight, the boiling points vary with the strength of hydrogen bonds which is directly impacted by the extent of exposure of the O-H bond. Generally, primary alcohols have higher boiling points, followed by secondary alcohols and tertiary alcohols have the lowest boiling points (Wade, 2014). In primary alcohols, the O-H is more exposed and can readily interact with other molecules leading to stronger hydrogen bonds and higher boiling point. 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol have the same molecular mass. However, 1-pentanol is a primary alcohol and 2-pentanol is a secondary alcohol. In 1-pentanol, the O-H group is located at the terminal end of the chain and linked with only 1 alkyl group. The O-H group is more exposed and can interact with the O-H of many neighboring molecules leading to strong hydrogen bonds and this explains why the boiling point of 1-pentanol is higher than that of 2-pentanol. In 2-pentanol, the O-H is linked to two alkyl groups. The presence of many alky groups hinders the interaction of the O-H group with many adjacent molecules, leading to relatively weaker hydrogen bonds as compared to those formed by 1-pentanol. Consequently, the boiling point of 2-pentanol is relatively lower than that of 1-pentanol. 2-pentanone has the lowest boiling point when compared to the rest of the compounds which are alcohols with comparable masses. 2-pentanone is a ketone with 5 carbon atoms. In 2-pentanone, carbonyl bond (O=C) is highly polar. Since O is more electronegative than C, it pulls the electrons of the bond towards itself, making the O end of the bond partially negatively charged and the C end partially positive. This results to the formation of a dipole. Positive end of one molecule attracts the negative end of neighboring molecules and thus, the molecules are held together by dipole-dipole forces of attraction between the molecules (Solomon, 2008). Dipole-dipole attractions are relatively strong and this gives 2-pentanone the significantly high boiling point (102 0C). The boiling point of 2-pentanone is lower than that of the corresponding alcohols because the dipole-dipole attractions are not as strong as the hydrogen bonding found in alcohols. Conclusion The boiling points of the given compounds are in the order: 2-pentanone2-pentanol1-pentanol1-hexanol. 2-pentanone has the lowest boiling point while 1-hexanol has the highest boiling point. Alcohols have high boiling point because of the hydrogen bonding between O and H of neighboring molecules. Primary alcohols have higher boiling point than secondary alcohols because the O-H is more exposed in 1o alcohol forming stronger hydrogen bonds. Ketones have lower boiling point than alcohols because they lack hydrogen bonds. References Brown,W.H., Iverson,B.L., Anslyn,E.V., Foote,C.S. (2000). Organic chemistry. Carey,F.A., Giuliano,R.M. (2001). Organic chemistry. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. Clayden,J., Greeves,N., Warren,S.G. (2012). Organic chemistry. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Haynes, W. M. (2015). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press. Lide, D. R. (2005). CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. Boca Raton, Fla, CRC Press. Bottom of Form Oneil, M. J. (2001). The Merck index. Whitehouse Station, N.J., Merck Ophardt,C. (2003). Polarity of Organic Compounds. Retrieved from https://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/213organicfcgp.html Reusch,W. (1999). Virtual textbook of organic chemistry. Retrieved from https://www2.chemistry.msu.edu/faculty/reusch/virttxtjml/intro1.htm Solomons, T. W. G., Fryhle, C. B. (2008). Organic chemistry. Chichester, John Wiley Sons. Wade, L. G. (2014). Organic chemistry. Harlow, Pearson Education.

Pitfalls Of Relativism Essays (2294 words) - Relativism,

Pitfalls Of Relativism Pitfalls of Relativism The year was 1943. Hundreds of Jewish people were being marched into the gas chambers in accordance with Adolf Hitler's orders. In the two years that followed, millions of Jews were killed. Only a fraction survived the painful ordeals at the Nazi German prison camps. However, all of the chaos ended as World War II came to a close: the American and British soldiers had won and Hitler's Third Reich was no more. A certain ethical position would state that the anti-semantic Nazi German culture was neither right nor wrong in its actions. In fact, it is this view of the cultural relativist that assume all actions considered right in a culture to be good for that culture alone. Moreover, the relativist claims that these actions can not be judged according to their ethical correctness because there is no absolute standard by which they could be compared. In the above case, this position would not allow for the American and British soldiers to interfere with the Nazis; the relativist would claim that the Allies were wrong in fighting the Germans due to a cultural disagreement. In truth, it is the relativist position, which has both negative logical and practical consequences, and negligible benefits. The first logical consequence of relativism is that the believer must contradict himself in order to uphold his belief. The view states that all ethics are relative while putting forth the idea that no absolute standard of rightness exists. If this is the case, then what is cultural relativism relative to? From a purely logical point of view, this idea is absurd, for in assuming that something is relative one must first have some absolute by which it is judged. Let the reader consider this example to reinforce the point. A young woman is five feet tall, and her older friend is six feet tall. The younger female considers herself short because she looks at her friend and sees that her friend is taller than she is. It would be illogical to say that the first woman is short if she were the only female in existence; if this were the case then there would not be anyone for her to be relative to in height. However, this logical fallacy is what the relativist assumes by stating that there is no standard of rightness for relativity. Quite simply, the cultural relativist is stating that he is relative to an absolute, which he considers non-existent. Another logical error that the relativist makes lies in his Cultural Differences Argument (Rachels p.454). The premise of this argument is that different cultures have different moral codes (Rachels p.454). The conclusion that the relativist derives is that there is no objective 'truth' in morality, [and therefore] right and wrong are only matters of opinion [that] vary from culture to culture (Rachels p.454). The main logical problem with this argument is that the stated conclusion does not necessarily need to be the case if the premise is given. The premise states what different people believe to be true, and the conclusion jumps to the assumption that this belief must necessarily be the case. Let the reader consider this instance, which closely follows the form of the above given argument. Assume that there is a society that believes that sunning as much as possible in the nude can only benefit a person. Due to scientific study, it has been experimentally shown that overexposure to the sun's ultraviolet rays can cause skin cancer. Being in the American culture, people know this to be true and therefore would disagree with sunning too often. According to the relativist, since the two cultures disagree concerning the practice of sunning there is no objective truth about it. However, this is a faulty conclusion because empirical evidence shows that the first culture would be wrong in its beliefs. In truth, one cannot derive a substantive conclusion about a subject (morally) from the mere fact that people disagree about it (Rachel p.454). Having discussed the logical consequences of relativism, it is necessary to expound upon the effects of its practice. The first of these repercussions is that culture determines what is functionally right and wrong. This means that the individual has